/*
   igraph library.
   Copyright (C) 2022  The igraph development team

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
   (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
   02110-1301 USA

*/

#include <string.h>  /* memmove */

#include "igraph_error.h"
#include "igraph_memory.h"
#include "igraph_qsort.h"

#if defined(VECTOR_LIST)
  /* It was indicated that every item in a list is a vector of the base type
   * so let's define ITEM_TYPE appropriately */
    #define ITEM_TYPE BASE_VECTOR

    /* Define the macro that creates the name of a function that refers to a single
    * _item_ in the vector */
    #if defined(BASE_IGRAPH_REAL)
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT2x(igraph_vector,f)
    #elif defined(BASE_BOOL)
        /* Special case because stdbool.h defines bool as a macro to _Bool which would
            * screw things up */
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT2x(igraph_vector_bool,f)
    #else
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT3(igraph_vector,SHORT,f)
    #endif
#elif defined(MATRIX_LIST)
  /* It was indicated that every item in a list is a matrix of the base type
   * so let's define ITEM_TYPE appropriately */
    #define ITEM_TYPE BASE_MATRIX

    /* Define the macro that creates the name of a function that refers to a single
    * _item_ in the matrix */
    #if defined(BASE_IGRAPH_REAL)
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT2x(igraph_matrix,f)
    #elif defined(BASE_BOOL)
        /* Special case because stdbool.h defines bool as a macro to _Bool which would
            * screw things up */
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT2x(igraph_matrix_bool,f)
    #else
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT3(igraph_matrix,SHORT,f)
    #endif
#else
    #define ITEM_TYPE BASE

    /* Define the macro that creates the name of a function that refers to a single
    * _item_ in the vector */
    #if defined(BASE_GRAPH)
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT2x(igraph,f)
    #elif defined(BASE_ATTRIBUTE_RECORD)
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT2x(igraph_attribute_record,f)
    #endif
    #if defined(BASE_BITSET)
        #define ITEM_FUNCTION(f) CONCAT2x(igraph_bitset,f)
    #endif
#endif

static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_item)(const TYPE *list, ITEM_TYPE *item);
static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(copy_item)(ITEM_TYPE *dest, const ITEM_TYPE *source);
static void INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(ITEM_TYPE *item);

static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_slice)(const TYPE *list, ITEM_TYPE *start, ITEM_TYPE *end);
static void INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_slice)(const TYPE *list, ITEM_TYPE *start, ITEM_TYPE *end);
static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(expand_if_full)(TYPE *list);
static int INTERNAL_FUNCTION(sort_ind_cmp)(void *thunk, const void *p1, const void *p2);

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_init
 * \brief Initializes a list of vectors (constructor).
 *
 * </para><para>
 * This function constructs a list of vectors of the given size, and initializes
 * each vector in the newly created list to become an empty vector.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * Vector objects initialized by this function are \em owned by the list, and
 * they will be destroyed automatically when the list is destroyed with
 * \ref igraph_vector_list_destroy().
 *
 * \param v Pointer to a not yet initialized list of vectors.
 * \param size The size of the list.
 * \return error code:
 *       \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM if there is not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: operating system dependent, the amount of
 * \quote time \endquote required to allocate
 * O(n) elements and initialize the corresponding vectors;
 * n is the number of elements.
 */

igraph_error_t FUNCTION(init)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t size) {
    igraph_int_t alloc_size = size > 0 ? size : 1;
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(size >= 0);
    v->stor_begin = IGRAPH_CALLOC(alloc_size, ITEM_TYPE);
    if (v->stor_begin == 0) {
        IGRAPH_ERROR("Cannot initialize list.", IGRAPH_ENOMEM); /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
    }
    v->stor_end = v->stor_begin + alloc_size;
    v->end = v->stor_begin + size;

    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_slice)(v, v->stor_begin, v->end));

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_init_copy
 * \brief Initializes a list of vectors from another list of vectors (constructor).
 *
 * </para><para>
 * The contents of the existing list will be copied to the new one.
 * \param to Pointer to a not yet initialized list of vectors.
 * \param from The original list of vectors to copy.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM if there is not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: operating system dependent, usually O(nm), n is the size of
 * the list, m is the size of each element in the list, assuming that copying a
 * single item takes O(m) time.
 */

igraph_error_t FUNCTION(init_copy)(TYPE* to, const TYPE* from) {
    igraph_int_t i, size = FUNCTION(size)(from);

    IGRAPH_CHECK(FUNCTION(init)(to, 0));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY(FUNCTION(destroy), to);

    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        IGRAPH_CHECK(FUNCTION(push_back_copy)(to, FUNCTION(get_ptr)(from, i)));
    }

    IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(1);

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_destroy
 * \brief Destroys a list of vectors object.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * All lists initialized by \ref igraph_vector_list_init() should be properly
 * destroyed by this function. A destroyed list of vectors needs to be
 * reinitialized by \ref igraph_vector_list_init() if you want to use it again.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * Vectors that are in the list when it is destroyed are also destroyed
 * implicitly.
 *
 * \param v Pointer to the (previously initialized) list object to
 *        destroy.
 *
 * Time complexity: operating system dependent.
 */

void FUNCTION(destroy)(TYPE *v) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != 0);

    if (v->stor_begin != 0) {
        FUNCTION(clear)(v);
        IGRAPH_FREE(v->stor_begin);
        v->stor_begin = NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_capacity
 * \brief Returns the allocated capacity of the list.
 *
 * Note that this might be different from the size of the list (as
 * queried by \ref igraph_vector_list_size()), and specifies how many vectors
 * the list can hold, without reallocation.
 *
 * \param v Pointer to the (previously initialized) list object to query.
 * \return The allocated capacity.
 *
 * \sa \ref igraph_vector_list_size().
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */

igraph_int_t FUNCTION(capacity)(const TYPE *v) {
    return v->stor_end - v->stor_begin;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_reserve
 * \brief Reserves memory for a list.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * \a igraph lists are flexible, they can grow and shrink. Growing
 * however occasionally needs the data in the list to be copied.
 * In order to avoid this, you can call this function to reserve space for
 * future growth of the list.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * Note that this function does \em not change the size of the list, neither
 * does it initialize any new vectors. Let us see a small example to clarify
 * things: if you reserve space for 100 elements and the size of your
 * list was (and still is) 60, then you can surely add additional 40
 * new vectors to your list before it will be copied.
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param capacity The new \em allocated size of the list.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM if there is not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: operating system dependent, should be around
 * O(n), n is the new allocated size of the list.
 */

igraph_error_t FUNCTION(reserve)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t capacity) {
    igraph_int_t current_capacity;
    ITEM_TYPE *tmp;

    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(capacity >= 0);

    current_capacity = FUNCTION(capacity)(v);

    if (capacity <= current_capacity) {
        return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
    }

    tmp = IGRAPH_REALLOC(v->stor_begin, capacity, ITEM_TYPE);
    IGRAPH_CHECK_OOM(tmp, "Cannot reserve space for list.");

    v->end = tmp + (v->end - v->stor_begin);
    v->stor_begin = tmp;
    v->stor_end = v->stor_begin + capacity;

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_empty
 * \brief Decides whether the size of the list is zero.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \return True if the size of the list is zero and false otherwise.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */

igraph_bool_t FUNCTION(empty)(const TYPE *v) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);
    return v->stor_begin == v->end;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_size
 * \brief The size of the vector list.
 *
 * Returns the number of vectors stored in the list.
 *
 * \param v The list object
 * \return The size of the list.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */

igraph_int_t FUNCTION(size)(const TYPE *v) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);
    return v->end - v->stor_begin;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_resize
 * \brief Resizes the list of vectors.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * Note that this function does not free any memory, just sets the
 * size of the list to the given one. It can on the other hand
 * allocate more memory if the new size is larger than the previous
 * one.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * When the new size is larger than the current size, the newly added
 * vectors in the list are initialized to empty vectors. When the new
 * size is smaller than the current size, the vectors that were removed
 * from the end of the list are destroyed automatically.
 *
 * \param v The list object
 * \param new_size The new size of the list.
 * \return Error code,
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM if there is not enough
 *         memory. Note that this function \em never returns an error
 *         if the list is made smaller.
 * \sa \ref igraph_vector_list_reserve() for allocating memory for future
 * extensions of a list.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(m) if the new size is smaller (m is the number of items
 * that were removed from the list), operating system dependent if the new
 * size is larger. In the latter case it is usually around O(n), where n is the
 * new size of the vector.
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(resize)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t new_size) {
    igraph_int_t old_size;

    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);

    IGRAPH_CHECK(FUNCTION(reserve)(v, new_size));

    old_size = FUNCTION(size)(v);

    if (old_size < new_size) {
        IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_slice)(v, v->stor_begin + old_size, v->stor_begin + new_size));
    } else if (old_size > new_size) {
        INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_slice)(v, v->stor_begin + new_size, v->stor_begin + old_size);
    }

    v->end = v->stor_begin + new_size;

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector
 * \function igraph_vector_list_clear
 * \brief Removes all elements from a list of vectors.
 *
 * This function sets the size of the list to zero, and it also destroys all
 * the vectors that were placed in the list before clearing it.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n), n is the number of items being deleted.
 */
void FUNCTION(clear)(TYPE *v) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);
    INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_slice)(v, v->stor_begin, v->end);
    v->end = v->stor_begin;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_get_ptr
 * \brief The address of a vector in the vector list.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param pos The position of the vector in the list. The position of the first
 *     vector is zero.
 * \return A pointer to the vector. It remains valid as long as the underlying
 *     list of vectors is not modified.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
ITEM_TYPE *FUNCTION(get_ptr)(const TYPE *v, igraph_int_t pos) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);
    return v->stor_begin + pos;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_set
 * \brief Sets the vector at the given index in the list.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * This function destroys the vector that is already at the given index \p pos
 * in the list, and replaces it with the vector pointed to by \p e.
 * The ownership of the vector pointed to by \p e is taken by the list so
 * the user is not responsible for destroying \p e any more; it will be
 * destroyed when the list itself is destroyed or if \p e gets removed from the
 * list without passing on the ownership to somewhere else.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param pos The index to modify in the list.
 * \param e The vector to set in the list.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
void FUNCTION(set)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t pos, ITEM_TYPE *e) {
    INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(v->stor_begin + pos);
    v->stor_begin[pos] = *e;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_replace
 * \brief Replaces the vector at the given index in the list with another one.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * This function replaces the vector that is already at the given index \p pos
 * in the list with the vector pointed to by \p e. The ownership of the vector
 * pointed to by \p e is taken by the list so the user is not responsible for
 * destroying \p e any more. At the same time, the ownership of the vector that
 * \em was in the list at position \p pos will be transferred to the caller and
 * \p e will be updated to point to it, so the caller becomes responsible for
 * destroying it when it does not need the vector any more.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param pos The index to modify in the list.
 * \param e The vector to swap with the one already in the list.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
void FUNCTION(replace)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t pos, ITEM_TYPE *e) {
    ITEM_TYPE old_value = *(FUNCTION(get_ptr)(v, pos));
    v->stor_begin[pos] = *e;
    *e = old_value;
}

/**
 * \function igraph_vector_list_swap
 * \brief Swaps all elements of two vector lists.
 *
 * \param v1 The first list.
 * \param v2 The second list.
 * \return Error code.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */

void FUNCTION(swap)(TYPE *v1, TYPE *v2) {
    TYPE tmp;

    tmp = *v1;
    *v1 = *v2;
    *v2 = tmp;
}

/**
 * \function igraph_vector_list_swap_elements
 * \brief Swap two elements in a vector list.
 *
 * Note that currently no range checking is performed.
 *
 * \param v The input list.
 * \param i Index of the first element.
 * \param j Index of the second element (may be the same as the
 * first one).
 * \return Error code, currently always \c IGRAPH_SUCCESS.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */

void FUNCTION(swap_elements)(TYPE *v1, igraph_int_t i, igraph_int_t j) {
    ITEM_TYPE tmp = v1->stor_begin[i];
    v1->stor_begin[i] = v1->stor_begin[j];
    v1->stor_begin[j] = tmp;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_tail_ptr
 * \brief The address of the last vector in the vector list.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \return A pointer to the last vector in the list, or \c NULL if the list
 *     is empty.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
ITEM_TYPE *FUNCTION(tail_ptr)(const TYPE *v) {
    igraph_int_t size = FUNCTION(size)(v);
    return size > 0 ? FUNCTION(get_ptr)(v, size - 1) : 0;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_discard
 * \brief Discards the item at the given index in the vector list.
 *
 * This function removes the vector at the given index from the list, and
 * moves all subsequent items in the list by one slot to the left to fill
 * the gap. The vector that was removed from the list is destroyed automatically.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param index Index of the item to be discarded and destroyed.
 * \sa \ref igraph_vector_list_discard_fast() if you do not care about the
 * order of the items in the list, \ref igraph_vector_list_remove() if you
 * want to gain ownership of the item that was removed instead of destroying it.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n), where n is the number of items in the list.
 */
void FUNCTION(discard)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t index) {
    igraph_int_t size = FUNCTION(size)(v);

    if (size > 0) {
        INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(v->stor_begin + index);
        memmove(v->stor_begin + index, v->stor_begin + index + 1, sizeof(ITEM_TYPE) * (size - index - 1));
        v->end -= 1;
    }
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_discard_back
 * \brief Discards the last item in the vector list.
 *
 * This function removes the last vector from the list and destroys it.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
void FUNCTION(discard_back)(TYPE *v) {
    igraph_int_t size = FUNCTION(size)(v);
    if (size > 0) {
        INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(v->end - 1);
        v->end -= 1;
    }
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_discard_fast
 * \brief Discards the item at the given index in the vector list and moves the last item to its place.
 *
 * This function removes the vector at the given index from the list, and
 * moves the last item in the list to \p index to fill the gap. The vector that
 * was removed from the list is destroyed automatically.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param index Index of the item to be discarded and destroyed.
 * \sa \ref igraph_vector_list_discard() if you want to preserve the order of the
 * items in the list, \ref igraph_vector_list_remove_fast() if you want to gain
 * ownership of the item that was removed instead of destroying it.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
void FUNCTION(discard_fast)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t index) {
    igraph_int_t size = FUNCTION(size)(v);

    if (size > 0) {
        INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(v->stor_begin + index);
        v->end -= 1;
        v->stor_begin[index] = *(v->end);
    }
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_push_back
 * \brief Appends an existing vector to the list, transferring ownership.
 *
 * This function resizes the list to be one element longer, and sets the very last
 * element in the list to the specified vector \p e . The list takes ownership
 * of the vector so the user is not responsible for freeing \p e any more;
 * the vector will be destroyed when the list itself is destroyed or if \p e gets
 * removed from the list without passing on the ownership to somewhere else.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param e Pointer to the vector to append to the list.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM: not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: operating system dependent. What is important is that
 * a sequence of n subsequent calls to this function has time complexity
 * O(n), even if there hadn't been any space reserved for the new elements by
 * \ref igraph_vector_list_reserve(). This is implemented by a trick similar to
 * the C++ \type vector class: each time more memory is allocated for a
 * vector, the size of the additionally allocated memory is the same
 * as the vector's current length. (We assume here that the time
 * complexity of memory allocation is at most linear).
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(push_back)(TYPE *v, ITEM_TYPE *e) {
    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(expand_if_full)(v));
    *(v->end) = *e;
    v->end += 1;
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_push_back_copy
 * \brief Appends the copy of a vector to the list.
 *
 * This function resizes the list to be one element longer, and copies the
 * specified vector given as an argument to the last element. The newly added
 * element is owned by the list, but the ownership of the original vector is
 * retained at the caller.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param e Pointer to the vector to copy to the end of the list.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM: not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: same as \ref igraph_vector_list_push_back() plus the time
 * needed to copy the vector (which is O(n) for n elements in the vector).
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(push_back_copy)(TYPE *v, const ITEM_TYPE *e) {
    ITEM_TYPE copy;
    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(copy_item)(&copy, e));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item), &copy);
    IGRAPH_CHECK(FUNCTION(push_back)(v, &copy));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(1);
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_push_back_new
 * \brief Appends a new vector to the list.
 *
 * This function resizes the list to be one element longer. The newly added
 * element will be an empty vector that is owned by the list. A pointer to
 * the newly added element is returned in the last argument if it is not
 * \c NULL .
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param result Pointer to a vector pointer; this will be updated to point to
 *        the newly added vector. May be \c NULL if you do not need a pointer
 *        to the newly added vector.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM: not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: same as \ref igraph_vector_list_push_back().
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(push_back_new)(TYPE *v, ITEM_TYPE** e) {
    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(expand_if_full)(v));
    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_item)(v, v->end));
    if (e) {
        *e = v->end;
    }
    v->end += 1;
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_insert
 * \brief Inserts an existing vector into the list, transferring ownership.
 *
 * This function inserts \p e into the list at the given index, moving other
 * items towards the end of the list as needed. The list takes ownership
 * of the vector so the user is not responsible for freeing \p e any more;
 * the vector will be destroyed when the list itself is destroyed or if \p e gets
 * removed from the list without passing on the ownership to somewhere else.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param pos The position where the new element is to be inserted.
 * \param e Pointer to the vector to insert into the list.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM: not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n).
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(insert)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t pos, ITEM_TYPE *e) {
    igraph_int_t size = FUNCTION(size)(v);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(0 <= pos && pos <= size);
    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(expand_if_full)(v));
    if (pos < size) {
        memmove(v->stor_begin + pos + 1, v->stor_begin + pos, sizeof(ITEM_TYPE) * (size - pos));
    }
    v->end += 1;
    v->stor_begin[pos] = *e;
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_insert_copy
 * \brief Inserts the copy of a vector to the list.
 *
 * This function inserts a copy of \p e into the list at the given index, moving
 * other items towards the end of the list as needed. The newly added
 * element is owned by the list, but the ownership of the original vector is
 * retained at the caller.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param pos The position where the new element is to be inserted.
 * \param e Pointer to the vector to copy to the end of the list.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM: not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: same as \ref igraph_vector_list_insert() plus the time
 * needed to copy the vector (which is O(n) for n elements in the vector).
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(insert_copy)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t pos, const ITEM_TYPE *e) {
    ITEM_TYPE copy;
    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(copy_item)(&copy, e));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item), &copy);
    IGRAPH_CHECK(FUNCTION(insert)(v, pos, &copy));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(1);
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_insert_new
 * \brief Inserts a new vector into the list.
 *
 * This function inserts a newly created empty vector into the list at the given
 * index, moving other items towards the end of the list as needed. The newly
 * added vector is owned by the list. A pointer to the new element is returned
 * in the last argument if it is not \c NULL .
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param pos The position where the new element is to be inserted.
 * \param result Pointer to a vector pointer; this will be updated to point to
 *        the newly added vector. May be \c NULL if you do not need a pointer
 *        to the newly added vector.
 * \return Error code:
 *         \c IGRAPH_ENOMEM: not enough memory.
 *
 * Time complexity: same as \ref igraph_vector_list_push_back().
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(insert_new)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t pos, ITEM_TYPE** e) {
    ITEM_TYPE copy;
    IGRAPH_CHECK(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_item)(v, &copy));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item), &copy);
    IGRAPH_CHECK(FUNCTION(insert)(v, pos, &copy));
    IGRAPH_FINALLY_CLEAN(1);
    if (e) {
        *e = FUNCTION(get_ptr)(v, pos);
    }
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_remove
 * \brief Removes the item at the given index from the vector list and transfer ownership to the caller.
 *
 * This function removes the vector at the given index from the list, and
 * moves all subsequent items in the list by one slot to the left to fill
 * the gap. The vector that was removed from the list is returned in \p e
 * and its ownership is passed back to the caller; in other words, the caller
 * becomes responsible for destroying the vector when it is not needed any more.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param index Index of the item to be removed.
 * \param result Pointer to an \ref igraph_vector_t object; it will be updated to the
 *        item that was removed from the list. Ownership of this vector is
 *        passed on to the caller. It is an error to supply a null pointer here.
 * \sa \ref igraph_vector_list_discard() if you are not interested in the item
 * that was removed, \ref igraph_vector_list_remove_fast() if you do not care
 * about the order of the items in the list.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n), where n is the number of items in the list.
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(remove)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t index, ITEM_TYPE *result) {
    igraph_int_t size = FUNCTION(size)(v);

    IGRAPH_ASSERT(result != 0);

    if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
        IGRAPH_ERROR("invalid index when removing item", IGRAPH_EINVAL);
    }

    *result = *(FUNCTION(get_ptr)(v, index));

    memmove(v->stor_begin + index, v->stor_begin + index + 1, sizeof(ITEM_TYPE) * (size - index - 1));
    v->end -= 1;

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_pop_back
 * \brief Removes the last item from the vector list and transfer ownership to the caller.
 *
 * This function removes the last vector from the list. The vector that was
 * removed from the list is returned and its ownership is passed back to the
 * caller; in other words, the caller becomes responsible for destroying
 * the vector when it is not needed any more.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * It is an error to call this function with an empty vector.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param result Pointer to an \ref igraph_vector_t object; it will be updated to the
 *        item that was removed from the list. Ownership of this vector is
 *        passed on to the caller.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
ITEM_TYPE FUNCTION(pop_back)(TYPE *v) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(!FUNCTION(empty)(v));
    v->end -= 1;
    return *(v->end);
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_remove_fast
 * \brief Removes the item at the given index in the vector list, move the last item to its place and transfer ownership to the caller.
 *
 * This function removes the vector at the given index from the list,
 * moves the last item in the list to \p index to fill the gap, and then
 * transfers ownership of the removed vector back to the caller; in other words,
 * the caller becomes responsible for destroying the vector when it is not
 * needed any more.
 *
 * \param v The list object.
 * \param index Index of the item to be removed.
 * \param result Pointer to an \ref igraph_vector_t object; it will be updated to the
 *        item that was removed from the list. Ownership of this vector is
 *        passed on to the caller. It is an error to supply a null pointer here.
 * \sa \ref igraph_vector_list_remove() if you want to preserve the order of the
 * items in the list, \ref igraph_vector_list_discard_fast() if you are not
 * interested in the item that was removed.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(1).
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(remove_fast)(TYPE *v, igraph_int_t index, ITEM_TYPE *result) {
    igraph_int_t size = FUNCTION(size)(v);

    IGRAPH_ASSERT(result != 0);

    if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
        IGRAPH_ERROR("invalid index when removing item", IGRAPH_EINVAL);
    }

    *result = *(FUNCTION(get_ptr)(v, index));

    v->end -= 1;
    v->stor_begin[index] = *(v->end);

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_permute
 * \brief Permutes the elements of a list in place according to an index vector.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * This function takes a list \c v and a corresponding index vector \c index,
 * and permutes the elements of \c v such that \c v[index[i]] is moved to become
 * \c v[i] after the function is executed.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * It is an error to call this function with an index vector that does not
 * represent a valid permutation. Each element in the index vector must be
 * between 0 and the length of the list minus one (inclusive), and each such
 * element must appear only once. The function does not attempt to validate the
 * index vector. Memory may be leaked if the index vector does not satisfy these
 * conditions.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * The index vector that this function takes is compatible with the index vector
 * returned from \ref igraph_vector_list_sort_ind(); passing in the index vector
 * from \ref igraph_vector_list_sort_ind() will sort the original vector.
 *
 * \param v     the list to permute
 * \param index the index vector
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n), the number of items in the list.
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(permute)(TYPE *v, const igraph_vector_int_t* index) {
    ITEM_TYPE *work;
    igraph_int_t i, size;

    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(index != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(index->stor_begin != NULL);

    size = igraph_vector_int_size(index);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(FUNCTION(size)(v) == size);

    work = IGRAPH_CALLOC(size, ITEM_TYPE);
    if (work == 0) {
        IGRAPH_ERROR("Cannot permute list.", IGRAPH_ENOMEM); /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
    }

    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        work[i] = v->stor_begin[VECTOR(*index)[i]];
    }

    memcpy(v->stor_begin, work, sizeof(ITEM_TYPE) * size);

    IGRAPH_FREE(work);

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_sort
 * \brief Sorts the elements of the list into ascending order.
 *
 * \param v Pointer to an initialized list object.
 * \param cmp A comparison function that takes pointers to two vectors and
 *        returns zero if the two vectors are considered equal, any negative
 *        number if the first vector is smaller and any positive number if the
 *        second vector is smaller.
 * \return Error code.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n log n) for n elements.
 */
void FUNCTION(sort)(TYPE *v, int (*cmp)(const ITEM_TYPE*, const ITEM_TYPE*)) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);
    igraph_qsort(
        v->stor_begin, FUNCTION(size)(v), sizeof(ITEM_TYPE),
        (int(*)(const void*, const void*))cmp
    );
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_sort_ind
 * \brief Returns a permutation of indices that sorts the list.
 *
 * Takes an unsorted list \p v as input and computes an array of
 * indices \p inds such that v[ inds[i] ], with i increasing from 0, is
 * an ordered array according to the comparison function \p cmp. The order of
 * indices for identical elements is not defined.
 *
 * \param v the list to be sorted
 * \param inds the output array of indices. This must be initialized,
 *        but will be resized
 * \param cmp A comparison function that takes pointers to two vectors and
 *        returns zero if the two vectors are considered equal, any negative
 *        number if the first vector is smaller and any positive number if the
 *        second vector is smaller.
 * \return Error code.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n log n) for n elements.
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(sort_ind)(
    TYPE *v, igraph_vector_int_t *inds,
    int (*cmp)(const ITEM_TYPE*, const ITEM_TYPE*)
) {
    igraph_int_t i, n = FUNCTION(size)(v);
    ITEM_TYPE **vind, *first;

    IGRAPH_CHECK(igraph_vector_int_resize(inds, n));
    if (n == 0) {
        return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
    }

    vind = IGRAPH_CALLOC(n, ITEM_TYPE*);
    if (vind == 0) {
        IGRAPH_ERROR("igraph_vector_list_sort_ind failed", IGRAPH_ENOMEM); /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
    }
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        vind[i] = v->stor_begin + i;
    }
    first = vind[0];
    igraph_qsort_r(
        vind, n, sizeof(ITEM_TYPE*), (void*) cmp,
        (int(*)(void*, const void*, const void*)) INTERNAL_FUNCTION(sort_ind_cmp)
    );
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        VECTOR(*inds)[i] = vind[i] - first;
    }
    IGRAPH_FREE(vind);

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * \ingroup vector_list
 * \function igraph_vector_list_remove_consecutive_duplicates
 * \brief Removes consecutive duplicates from a vector list.
 *
 * Removes consecutive duplicate vectors from the list. Optionally, a custom
 * equivalence relation may be used to determine when two vectors are
 * considered to be the same.
 *
 * </para><para>
 * An efficient way to remove all duplicates, not just consecutive ones,
 * is to first sort the vector list using \ref igraph_vector_list_sort(),
 * then use this function. This will of course re-order the list.
 *
 * \param v The list to remove consecutive duplicates from.
 * \param eq A comparison function that takes pointers to two vectors and
 *    returns true if they are equivalent. It is assumed that it implements
 *    a transitive, but not necessarily symmetric relation.
 *    Use \ref igraph_vector_all_e() to consider vector equivalent only
 *    when their contents are identical.
 *
 * \sa \ref igraph_vector_list_sort()
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n), the number of items in the list.
 */
void FUNCTION(remove_consecutive_duplicates)(
        TYPE *v, igraph_bool_t (*eq)(const ITEM_TYPE*, const ITEM_TYPE*)
) {
    igraph_int_t i, j, n = FUNCTION(size)(v);
    ITEM_TYPE *p = v->stor_begin;

    if (n < 2) {
        return;
    }

    for (i=0, j=0; i < n-1; ++i) {
        if (eq(&p[i], &p[i+1])) {
            INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(&p[i]);
        } else {
            p[j++] = p[i];
        }
    }
    p[j++] = p[n-1];

    v->end = p + j;
}

/**
 * \function igraph_vector_list_reverse
 * \brief Reverses the elements of a vector list.
 *
 * The first element will be last, the last element will be
 * first, etc.
 * \param v The input vector list.
 * \return Error code, currently always \c IGRAPH_SUCCESS.
 *
 * Time complexity: O(n), the number of elements.
 */
igraph_error_t FUNCTION(reverse)(TYPE *v) {
    igraph_int_t n = FUNCTION(size)(v), n2 = n / 2;
    igraph_int_t i, j;
    for (i = 0, j = n - 1; i < n2; i++, j--) {
        ITEM_TYPE tmp;
        tmp = VECTOR(*v)[i];
        VECTOR(*v)[i] = VECTOR(*v)[j];
        VECTOR(*v)[j] = tmp;
    }
    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/* ************************************************************************ */

#ifndef CUSTOM_INIT_DESTROY

static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_item)(const TYPE *list, ITEM_TYPE *item) {
    IGRAPH_UNUSED(list);
    return ITEM_FUNCTION(init)(item, 0);
}

static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(copy_item)(ITEM_TYPE *dest, const ITEM_TYPE *source) {
    return ITEM_FUNCTION(init_copy)(dest, source);
}

static void INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(ITEM_TYPE *item) {
    ITEM_FUNCTION(destroy)(item);
}

#endif

/* ************************************************************************ */

static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_slice)(const TYPE *list, ITEM_TYPE *start, ITEM_TYPE *end) {
    ITEM_TYPE *current;
    igraph_error_t retval;

    for (current = start; current < end; current++) {
        retval = INTERNAL_FUNCTION(init_item)(list, current);
        if (retval) {
            INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_slice)(list, start, current);
            IGRAPH_CHECK(retval);
        }
    }

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

static void INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_slice)(const TYPE *list, ITEM_TYPE *start, ITEM_TYPE *end) {
    IGRAPH_UNUSED(list);
    for (; start < end; start++) {
        INTERNAL_FUNCTION(destroy_item)(start);
    }
}

/**
 * Ensures that the vector has at least one extra slot at the end of its
 * allocated storage area.
 */
static igraph_error_t INTERNAL_FUNCTION(expand_if_full)(TYPE *v) {
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v != NULL);
    IGRAPH_ASSERT(v->stor_begin != NULL);

    if (v->stor_end == v->end) {
        igraph_int_t old_size = FUNCTION(size)(v);
        igraph_int_t new_size = old_size < IGRAPH_INTEGER_MAX/2 ? old_size * 2 : IGRAPH_INTEGER_MAX;
        if (old_size == IGRAPH_INTEGER_MAX) {
            IGRAPH_ERROR("Cannot add new item to list, already at maximum size.", IGRAPH_EOVERFLOW);
        }
        if (new_size == 0) {
            new_size = 1;
        }
        IGRAPH_CHECK(FUNCTION(reserve)(v, new_size));
    }

    return IGRAPH_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * Helper function passed to qsort from  igraph_vector_list_sort_ind
 */
static int INTERNAL_FUNCTION(sort_ind_cmp)(void *thunk, const void *p1, const void *p2) {
    int (*cmp)(const ITEM_TYPE*, const ITEM_TYPE*) = (int (*)(const ITEM_TYPE*, const ITEM_TYPE*)) thunk;
    ITEM_TYPE **pa = (ITEM_TYPE **) p1;
    ITEM_TYPE **pb = (ITEM_TYPE **) p2;
    return cmp(*pa, *pb);
}

#undef ITEM_FUNCTION
