Save projected vertex

compile

@@ -9,15 +9,14 @@ LIBS="$(pkg-config --libs sdl2) -lm"
 
 RAYTRACER_SRC="src/window/*.c \
 	src/vector/*.c \
-	src/scene/*.c \
 	src/raytracer/*.c \
 	src/math/*.c \
 	src/camera/*.c \
+	$WAPP_SRC \
 "
 
 RASTERISER_SRC="src/window/*.c \
 	src/vector/*.c \
-	src/scene/*.c \
 	src/list/*.c \
 	src/rasteriser/*.c \
 	src/math/*.c \

include/list/typed_list.h

@@ -44,8 +44,13 @@
     LP->items[(LP->count)++] = ITEM;                                           \
   } while (0)
 
+#define list_remove(LP, IDX)                                                   \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    LP->items[IDX] = LP->items[(LP->count)--];                                 \
+  } while (0)
 #define list_pop(LP) (LP->count -= 1)
 
+#define list_set(LP, IDX, ITEM) LP->items[IDX] = ITEM
 #define list_get(LP, IDX) LP->items[IDX]
 
 #define list_merge(T, ARENA, DST, LP1, LP2)                                    \

include/rasteriser/rasteriser.h

@@ -8,18 +8,36 @@
 #include "vector/vec.h"
 #include "window/window.h"
 
+#define INVALID_VERTEX -1
+
 typedef struct {
-  u64 idx0;
+  vec3f_t position;
-  u64 idx1;
+  f32 h;
-  u64 idx2;
+} vertex_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+  i64 idx0;
+  i64 idx1;
+  i64 idx2;
   colour_t colour;
 } scene_triangle_t;
 
+MAKE_LIST_TYPE(u64);
 MAKE_LIST_TYPE(f32);
 MAKE_LIST_TYPE(vec2i_t);
 MAKE_LIST_TYPE(vec3f_t);
+MAKE_LIST_TYPE(vec4f_t);
+MAKE_LIST_TYPE(vertex_t);
 MAKE_LIST_TYPE(scene_triangle_t);
 
+typedef enum {
+  RASTERISER_RENDER_WIREFRAME,
+  RASTERISER_RENDER_FILLED,
+  RASTERISER_RENDER_SHADED,
+
+  COUNT_RASTERISER_RENDER,
+} render_type_t;
+
 typedef struct {
   vec2i_t p0;
   vec2i_t p1;
@@ -32,13 +50,17 @@ typedef struct {
   f32 h0;
   f32 h1;
   f32 h2;
+  f32 z0;
+  f32 z1;
+  f32 z2;
   colour_t colour;
 } triangle_t;
 
 typedef struct {
-  list_vec3f_t *vertices;
+  list_vertex_t *vertices;
   list_scene_triangle_t *triangles;
 } model_t;
+#define NULL_MODEL ((model_t){0})
 
 typedef struct {
   f32 scale;
@@ -46,24 +68,36 @@ typedef struct {
   vec3f_t position;
 } transform_t;
 
+typedef struct {
+  vec3f_t centre;
+  f32 radius;
+} bounding_sphere_t;
+
 typedef struct {
   model_t *model;
   transform_t transform;
 } instance_t;
 
+typedef struct {
+  vec3f_t normal;
+  f32 distance;
+} clipping_plane_t;
+
+#define CLIPPING_PLANE_COUNT 5
 typedef struct {
   u64 instance_count;
   instance_t *instances;
   camera_t *camera;
   const mat3x4f_t *proj_matrix;
+  clipping_plane_t planes[CLIPPING_PLANE_COUNT];
 } rasteriser_scene_t;
 
-void render_scene(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, const rasteriser_scene_t *scene);
+void render_scene(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, const rasteriser_scene_t *scene,
-void render_instance(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, mat4x4f_t camera_matrix,
+                  render_type_t type);
-                     mat3x4f_t projection_matrix, const instance_t *instance);
 void draw_wireframe_triangle(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, triangle_t triangle);
 void draw_filled_triangle(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, triangle_t triangle);
 void draw_shaded_triangle(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, triangle_t triangle);
 void draw_line(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, line_t line, colour_t colour);
+bool is_null_model(const model_t *model);
 
 #endif // !RASTERISER_H

include/raytracer/raytracer.h

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #define RAYTRACER_H
 
 #include "aliases.h"
-#include "scene/scene.h"
 #include "vector/vec.h"
 #include "window/window.h"
 
@@ -11,13 +10,46 @@ typedef struct {
   f32 t2;
 } solutions_t;
 
+typedef struct {
+  f32 radius;
+  vec3f_t centre;
+  colour_t colour;
+  f32 specular;
+  f32 reflective;
+} sphere_t;
+
 typedef struct {
   f32 closest_t;
   const sphere_t *closest_sphere;
 } intersection_t;
 
+typedef enum {
+  LIGHT_TYPE_POINT,
+  LIGHT_TYPE_DIRECTIONAL,
+  LIGHT_TYPE_AMBIENT,
+
+  COUNT_LIGHT_TYPE,
+} light_type_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+  light_type_t type;
+  f32 intensity;
+  union {
+    vec3f_t position;
+    vec3f_t direction;
+  };
+} light_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+  const sphere_t *spheres;
+  const light_t *lights;
+  u32 spheres_count;
+  u32 lights_count;
+} raytracer_scene_t;
+
+const raytracer_scene_t *build_test_scene(void);
 colour_t trace_ray(vec3f_t origin, vec3f_t direction, f32 t_min, f32 t_max,
-                   const scene_t *scene, colour_t default_colour,
+                   const raytracer_scene_t *scene, colour_t default_colour,
                    u32 recursion_depth);
 
 #endif // !RAYTRACER_H

include/scene/scene.h

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef SCENE_H
-#define SCENE_H
-
-#include "aliases.h"
-#include "vector/vec.h"
-#include "window/window.h"
-
-typedef struct {
-  f32 radius;
-  vec3f_t centre;
-  colour_t colour;
-  f32 specular;
-  f32 reflective;
-} sphere_t;
-
-typedef enum {
-  LIGHT_TYPE_POINT,
-  LIGHT_TYPE_DIRECTIONAL,
-  LIGHT_TYPE_AMBIENT,
-
-  COUNT_LIGHT_TYPE,
-} light_type_t;
-
-typedef struct {
-  light_type_t type;
-  f32 intensity;
-  union {
-    vec3f_t position;
-    vec3f_t direction;
-  };
-} light_t;
-
-typedef struct {
-  const sphere_t *spheres;
-  const light_t *lights;
-  u32 spheres_count;
-  u32 lights_count;
-} scene_t;
-
-const scene_t *build_test_scene(void);
-
-#endif // !SCENE_H

include/vector/vec.h

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ typedef struct {
 #define vec_mul_num(T, v1, num) vec_mul_num_##T(v1, num)
 #define vec_div_num(T, v1, num) vec_div_num_##T(v1, num)
 #define vec_dot(T, v1, v2) vec_dot_##T(v1, v2)
+#define vec_cross(T, v1, v2) vec_cross_##T(v1, v2)
 #define vec_magnitude(T, v) vec_magnitude_##T(v)
 #define vec_unit(T, v) vec_unit_##T(v)
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ vec3i_t vec_mul_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v1, vec3i_t v2);
 vec3i_t vec_mul_num_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v1, i32 num);
 vec3i_t vec_div_num_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v1, i32 num);
 i32 vec_dot_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v1, vec3i_t v2);
+vec3i_t vec_cross_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v1, vec3i_t v2);
 i32 vec_magnitude_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v);
 vec3i_t vec_unit_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v);
 
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ vec3f_t vec_mul_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v1, vec3f_t v2);
 vec3f_t vec_mul_num_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v1, f32 num);
 vec3f_t vec_div_num_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v1, f32 num);
 f32 vec_dot_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v1, vec3f_t v2);
+vec3f_t vec_cross_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v1, vec3f_t v2);
 f32 vec_magnitude_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v);
 vec3f_t vec_unit_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v);
 vec3f_t vec_rotate_vec3f_t(vec3f_t original, vec3f_t rotation);
@@ -128,6 +131,7 @@ mat4x4f_t get_scaling_matrix(vec3f_t scale);
 mat3x3f_t get_rotation_mat3x3f(vec3f_t rotation);
 vec3f_t mul_mat3x4f_by_vec4f(mat3x4f_t mat, vec4f_t vec);
 mat3x4f_t mul_mat3x4f_by_mat4x4f(mat3x4f_t mat1, mat4x4f_t mat2);
+vec4f_t mul_mat4x4f_by_vec4f(mat4x4f_t mat, vec4f_t vec);
 mat4x4f_t mul_mat4x4f(mat4x4f_t mat1, mat4x4f_t mat2);
 
 #endif // !VEC_H

include/window/window.h

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define WINDOW_H
 
 #include "aliases.h"
+#include "mem_arena.h"
 #include "vector/vec.h"
 #include <SDL2/SDL_video.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
@@ -29,13 +30,17 @@ typedef struct {
   SDL_Window *window;
   SDL_Surface *front_buffer;
   SDL_Surface *back_buffer;
+  f32 *z_buffer;
 } window_t;
 
-bool init_window(window_t *wnd, u32 width, u32 height, const char *title);
+bool init_window(Arena *arena, window_t *wnd, u32 width, u32 height,
+                 const char *title);
 void close_window(window_t *wnd);
 
 void clear_window(window_t *wnd, colour_t colour);
 void set_pixel(window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y, colour_t colour);
+void set_z_pixel(window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y, f32 value);
+f32 get_z_pixel(const window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y);
 void swap_buffers(window_t *wnd);
 
 vec3f_t window_to_viewport(const window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y, vec3f_t viewport);

src/rasteriser/main.c

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
 #include "window/window.h"
 #include <SDL2/SDL_events.h>
 #include <SDL2/SDL_keycode.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 int main(void) {
@@ -19,31 +22,36 @@ int main(void) {
   };
   vec3f_t viewport = {.x = 1.0f, .y = 1.0f, .z = 1.0f};
 
-  window_t window = {0};
-
-  if (!init_window(&window, 800, 800, "CG From Scratch Rasteriser")) {
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-  }
-
   Arena *arena = NULL;
-  u64 main_arena_capacity = 20ull * 1024ull * 1024ull * 1024ull;
+  u64 main_arena_capacity = 64ull * 1024ull * 1024ull * 1024ull;
   if (!wapp_mem_arena_init(&arena, main_arena_capacity, WAPP_MEM_ALLOC_RESERVE,
                            false)) {
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
-  list_vec3f_t *vertices = list_create(vec3f_t, arena);
+  window_t window = {0};
+
+  if (!init_window(arena, &window, 800, 800, "CG From Scratch Rasteriser")) {
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+  }
+
+  list_vertex_t *vertices = list_create(vertex_t, arena);
   if (!vertices) {
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
   // Vertices
-  vec3f_t verts[] = {
+  vertex_t verts[] = {
-      (vec3f_t){1, 1, 1},    (vec3f_t){-1, 1, 1},  (vec3f_t){-1, -1, 1},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {1, 1, 1}, .h = 1.0f},
-      (vec3f_t){1, -1, 1},   (vec3f_t){1, 1, -1},  (vec3f_t){-1, 1, -1},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {-1, 1, 1}, .h = 1.0f},
-      (vec3f_t){-1, -1, -1}, (vec3f_t){1, -1, -1},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {-1, -1, 1}, .h = 1.0f},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {1, -1, 1}, .h = 1.0f},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {1, 1, -1}, .h = 1.0f},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {-1, 1, -1}, .h = 1.0f},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {-1, -1, -1}, .h = 1.0f},
+      (vertex_t){.position = {1, -1, -1}, .h = 1.0f},
   };
   for (u64 i = 0; i < ARR_LEN(verts); ++i) {
-    list_append(vec3f_t, arena, vertices, verts[i]);
+    list_append(vertex_t, arena, vertices, verts[i]);
   }
 
   list_scene_triangle_t *triangles = list_create(scene_triangle_t, arena);
@@ -97,11 +105,45 @@ int main(void) {
       (vec4f_t){0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f},
   };
 
+  f32 sqrt_2 = sqrtf(2.0f);
+  f32 one_div_sqrt_2 = 1.0f / sqrt_2;
+  f32 neg_one_div_sqrt_2 = -1.0f / sqrt_2;
+
   rasteriser_scene_t scene = {
       .instance_count = ARR_LEN(instances),
       .instances = instances,
       .camera = &camera,
       .proj_matrix = &proj_matrix,
+      .planes =
+          {
+              [0] =
+                  (clipping_plane_t){
+                      .normal = (vec3f_t){0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
+                      .distance = viewport.z,
+                  },
+              [1] =
+                  (clipping_plane_t){
+                      .normal = (vec3f_t){one_div_sqrt_2, 0.0f, one_div_sqrt_2},
+                      .distance = 0.0f,
+                  },
+              [2] =
+                  (clipping_plane_t){
+                      .normal =
+                          (vec3f_t){neg_one_div_sqrt_2, 0.0f, one_div_sqrt_2},
+                      .distance = 0.0f,
+                  },
+              [3] =
+                  (clipping_plane_t){
+                      .normal = (vec3f_t){0.0f, one_div_sqrt_2, one_div_sqrt_2},
+                      .distance = 0.0f,
+                  },
+              [4] =
+                  (clipping_plane_t){
+                      .normal =
+                          (vec3f_t){0.0f, neg_one_div_sqrt_2, one_div_sqrt_2},
+                      .distance = 0.0f,
+                  },
+          },
   };
 
   bool running = true;
@@ -113,12 +155,14 @@ int main(void) {
   // i32 h_max = (i32)window.half_height;
 
   Arena *frame_arena = NULL;
-  u64 frame_arena_capacity = 10ull * 1024ull * 1024ull * 1024ull;
+  u64 frame_arena_capacity = 32ull * 1024ull * 1024ull * 1024ull;
   if (!wapp_mem_arena_init(&frame_arena, frame_arena_capacity,
                            WAPP_MEM_ALLOC_RESERVE, false)) {
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
+  render_type_t type = RASTERISER_RENDER_FILLED;
+
   while (running) {
     while (SDL_PollEvent(&event)) {
       switch (event.type) {
@@ -127,13 +171,15 @@ int main(void) {
         break;
       case SDL_KEYDOWN:
         if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_w) {
-          camera.rotation.x += 1.0f;
-        } else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_s) {
           camera.rotation.x -= 1.0f;
+        } else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_s) {
+          camera.rotation.x += 1.0f;
         } else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_d) {
           camera.rotation.y += 1.0f;
         } else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_a) {
           camera.rotation.y -= 1.0f;
+        } else if (event.key.keysym.sym == SDLK_e) {
+          type = (type + 1) % COUNT_RASTERISER_RENDER;
         }
         break;
       }
@@ -141,7 +187,7 @@ int main(void) {
 
     clear_window(&window, bg);
 
-    render_scene(&window, arena, &scene);
+    render_scene(&window, frame_arena, &scene, type);
 
     swap_buffers(&window);
 

src/rasteriser/rasteriser.c

@@ -7,15 +7,54 @@
 #include "window/window.h"
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <math.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 
-internal list_float *interpolate(Arena *arena, i32 i0, f32 d0, i32 i1, f32 d1);
+#define CULL_ENABLED 0
-internal inline void order_triangle_points(triangle_t *triangle);
 
-void render_scene(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena,
+internal void render_instance(window_t *wnd, const rasteriser_scene_t *scene,
-                  const rasteriser_scene_t *scene) {
+                              Arena *arena, mat4x4f_t camera_matrix,
+                              mat3x4f_t projection_matrix,
+                              const instance_t *instance, render_type_t type);
+internal void clip_instance(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                            const rasteriser_scene_t *scene);
+
+#if CULL_ENABLED
+internal void cull_back_faces(Arena *arena, const rasteriser_scene_t *scene,
+                              model_t *model);
+#endif
+
+internal void clip_instance_against_plane(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                                          const bounding_sphere_t *sphere,
+                                          const clipping_plane_t *plane);
+internal void clip_triangles_against_plane(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                                           const clipping_plane_t *plane);
+internal void clip_triangle_against_plane(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                                          i64 triangle_index,
+                                          const clipping_plane_t *plane);
+internal list_float *interpolate(Arena *arena, i32 i0, f32 d0, i32 i1, f32 d1);
+
+#if CULL_ENABLED
+internal inline vec3f_t
+calculate_triangle_normal(const model_t *model,
+                          const scene_triangle_t *triangle);
+#endif
+
+internal inline void order_triangle_points(triangle_t *triangle);
+internal inline bounding_sphere_t
+get_bounding_sphere(const list_vertex_t *vertices);
+internal inline vertex_t segment_intersection(const vertex_t *a,
+                                              const vertex_t *b,
+                                              const clipping_plane_t *plane);
+internal inline void copy_triangles(Arena *arena, list_scene_triangle_t *dst,
+                                    const list_scene_triangle_t *src);
+internal inline f32 signed_distance(const vec3f_t *vertex,
+                                    const clipping_plane_t *plane);
+
+void render_scene(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, const rasteriser_scene_t *scene,
+                  render_type_t type) {
   mat4x4f_t cam_inverse_rotation =
       inverse_camera_rotation_matrix(scene->camera);
   mat4x4f_t cam_inverse_translation =
@@ -24,19 +63,25 @@ void render_scene(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena,
       mul_mat4x4f(cam_inverse_rotation, cam_inverse_translation);
 
   for (u64 i = 0; i < scene->instance_count; ++i) {
-    render_instance(wnd, arena, cam_matrix, *(scene->proj_matrix),
+    render_instance(wnd, scene, arena, cam_matrix, *(scene->proj_matrix),
-                    &(scene->instances[i]));
+                    &(scene->instances[i]), type);
   }
 }
 
-void render_instance(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, mat4x4f_t camera_matrix,
+internal void render_instance(window_t *wnd, const rasteriser_scene_t *scene,
-                     mat3x4f_t projection_matrix, const instance_t *instance) {
+                              Arena *arena, mat4x4f_t camera_matrix,
-  list_vec2i_t *projected = list_create_with_capacity(
+                              mat3x4f_t projection_matrix,
-      vec2i_t, arena, instance->model->vertices->count * sizeof(vec3f_t));
+                              const instance_t *instance, render_type_t type) {
-  if (!projected) {
+  list_vertex_t *transformed = list_create_with_capacity(
+      vertex_t, arena, instance->model->vertices->count + 10);
+  list_scene_triangle_t *triangles = list_create_with_capacity(
+      scene_triangle_t, arena, instance->model->triangles->count + 10);
+  if (!transformed || !triangles) {
     return;
   }
 
+  copy_triangles(arena, triangles, instance->model->triangles);
+
   mat4x4f_t t_mat = get_translation_matrix(instance->transform.position);
   mat4x4f_t r_mat = get_rotation_matrix(instance->transform.rotation);
   mat4x4f_t s_mat = get_scaling_matrix((vec3f_t){instance->transform.scale,
@@ -47,30 +92,87 @@ void render_instance(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, mat4x4f_t camera_matrix,
 
   mat4x4f_t xf_cam_mat = mul_mat4x4f(camera_matrix, trs_mat);
 
-  mat3x4f_t xf_proj_mat = mul_mat3x4f_by_mat4x4f(projection_matrix, xf_cam_mat);
+  vertex_t vertex = {0};
-
+  vec4f_t xf_vertex = {0};
-  vec3f_t vertex = {0};
-  vec2i_t point = {0};
   for (u64 i = 0; i < instance->model->vertices->count; ++i) {
     vertex = list_get(instance->model->vertices, i);
-    vertex = mul_mat3x4f_by_vec4f(
+
-        xf_proj_mat, (vec4f_t){vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.z, 1.0f});
+    xf_vertex = mul_mat4x4f_by_vec4f(
-    point = (vec2i_t){(i32)(vertex.x / vertex.z), (i32)(vertex.y / vertex.z)};
+        xf_cam_mat, (vec4f_t){vertex.position.x, vertex.position.y,
+                              vertex.position.z, 1.0f});
+    xf_vertex = vec_div_num(vec4f_t, xf_vertex, xf_vertex.w);
+
+    vertex.position = (vec3f_t){xf_vertex.x, xf_vertex.y, xf_vertex.z};
+
+    list_append(vertex_t, arena, transformed, vertex);
+  }
+
+  model_t model = {transformed, triangles};
+#if CULL_ENABLED
+  cull_back_faces(arena, scene, &model);
+#endif
+
+  clip_instance(arena, &model, scene);
+  if (is_null_model(&model)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  list_vec2i_t *projected = list_create_with_capacity(
+      vec2i_t, arena, instance->model->vertices->count);
+  if (!projected) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  vec2i_t point = {0};
+  vertex_t *vp = NULL;
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < transformed->count; ++i) {
+    vp = &(list_get(transformed, i));
+    vp->position = mul_mat3x4f_by_vec4f(
+        projection_matrix,
+        (vec4f_t){vp->position.x, vp->position.y, vp->position.z, 1.0f});
+    point = (vec2i_t){(i32)(vp->position.x / vp->position.z),
+                      (i32)(vp->position.y / vp->position.z)};
     list_append(vec2i_t, arena, projected, point);
   }
 
-  for (u64 i = 0; i < instance->model->triangles->count; ++i) {
+  vertex_t v0, v1, v2;
-    scene_triangle_t triangle = list_get(instance->model->triangles, i);
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < triangles->count; ++i) {
+    scene_triangle_t triangle = list_get(triangles, i);
+    v0 = list_get(transformed, triangle.idx0);
+    v1 = list_get(transformed, triangle.idx1);
+    v2 = list_get(transformed, triangle.idx2);
+
     triangle_t tri = {
         .p0 = list_get(projected, triangle.idx0),
         .p1 = list_get(projected, triangle.idx1),
         .p2 = list_get(projected, triangle.idx2),
-        .h0 = 1.0f,
+        .h0 = v0.h,
-        .h1 = 1.0f,
+        .h1 = v1.h,
-        .h2 = 1.0f,
+        .h2 = v2.h,
+        .z0 = 1.0f / v0.position.z,
+        .z1 = 1.0f / v1.position.z,
+        .z2 = 1.0f / v2.position.z,
         .colour = triangle.colour,
     };
+
+    if ((tri.p0.x == tri.p1.x && tri.p0.x == tri.p2.x) &&
+        (tri.p0.y == tri.p1.y && tri.p0.y == tri.p2.y)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case RASTERISER_RENDER_WIREFRAME:
       draw_wireframe_triangle(wnd, arena, tri);
+      break;
+    case RASTERISER_RENDER_FILLED:
+      draw_filled_triangle(wnd, arena, tri);
+      break;
+    case RASTERISER_RENDER_SHADED:
+      draw_shaded_triangle(wnd, arena, tri);
+      break;
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -100,24 +202,59 @@ void draw_filled_triangle(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, triangle_t triangle) {
   list_pop(x01); // Last element of x01 is a duplicate of first element in x12
   list_merge(f32, arena, x012, x01, x12);
 
+  f32 z0 = triangle.z0;
+  f32 z1 = triangle.z1;
+  f32 z2 = triangle.z2;
+  list_float *z01 = interpolate(arena, y0, z0, y1, z1);
+  list_float *z12 = interpolate(arena, y1, z1, y2, z2);
+  list_float *z02 = interpolate(arena, y0, z0, y2, z2);
+  list_float *z012 = NULL;
+
+  list_pop(z01); // Last element of z01 is a duplicate of first element in z12
+  list_merge(f32, arena, z012, z01, z12);
+
   list_float *x_left;
   list_float *x_right;
+  list_float *z_left;
+  list_float *z_right;
   u64 middle = (u64)(floorf((f32)(x02->count) / 2.0f));
   if (list_get(x02, middle) < list_get(x012, middle)) {
     x_left = x02;
+    z_left = z02;
     x_right = x012;
+    z_right = z012;
   } else {
     x_left = x012;
+    z_left = z012;
     x_right = x02;
+    z_right = z02;
   }
 
+  list_float *z_segment = NULL;
+  i32 index = -1;
+  i64 xl = -1;
+  i64 xr = -1;
+  f32 current_z = 0.0f;
+  f32 new_z = 0.0f;
+
   for (i64 y = y0; y <= y2; ++y) {
-    i32 index = y - y0;
+    index = y - y0;
-    for (i64 x = (i64)list_get(x_left, index); x < list_get(x_right, index);
+    xl = (i64)list_get(x_left, index);
-         ++x) {
+    xr = (i64)list_get(x_right, index);
+
+    for (i64 x = xl; x < xr; ++x) {
+      z_segment = interpolate(arena, xl, list_get(z_left, index), xr,
+                              list_get(z_right, index));
+
+      current_z = get_z_pixel(wnd, x, y);
+      new_z = list_get(z_segment, x - xl);
+
+      if (new_z >= current_z) {
+        set_z_pixel(wnd, x, y, new_z);
         set_pixel(wnd, x, y, triangle.colour);
       }
     }
+  }
 }
 
 void draw_shaded_triangle(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, triangle_t triangle) {
@@ -149,27 +286,47 @@ void draw_shaded_triangle(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, triangle_t triangle) {
   list_pop(h01); // Last element of h01 is a duplicate of first element in h12
   list_merge(f32, arena, h012, h01, h12);
 
+  f32 z0 = triangle.z0;
+  f32 z1 = triangle.z1;
+  f32 z2 = triangle.z2;
+  list_float *z01 = interpolate(arena, y0, z0, y1, z1);
+  list_float *z12 = interpolate(arena, y1, z1, y2, z2);
+  list_float *z02 = interpolate(arena, y0, z0, y2, z2);
+  list_float *z012 = NULL;
+
+  list_pop(z01); // Last element of z01 is a duplicate of first element in z12
+  list_merge(f32, arena, z012, z01, z12);
+
   list_float *x_left;
   list_float *x_right;
   list_float *h_left;
   list_float *h_right;
+  list_float *z_left;
+  list_float *z_right;
   u64 middle = (u64)(floorf((f32)(x02->count) / 2.0f));
   if (list_get(x02, middle) < list_get(x012, middle)) {
     x_left = x02;
     h_left = h02;
+    z_left = z02;
     x_right = x012;
     h_right = h012;
+    z_right = z012;
   } else {
     x_left = x012;
     h_left = h012;
+    z_left = z012;
     x_right = x02;
     h_right = h02;
+    z_right = z02;
   }
 
   list_float *h_segment = NULL;
+  list_float *z_segment = NULL;
   i32 index = -1;
   i64 xl = -1;
   i64 xr = -1;
+  f32 current_z = INFINITY;
+  f32 new_z = INFINITY;
   colour_t shaded_colour = (colour_t){0};
 
   for (i64 y = y0; y <= y2; ++y) {
@@ -179,10 +336,19 @@ void draw_shaded_triangle(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, triangle_t triangle) {
     for (i64 x = xl; x < xr; ++x) {
       h_segment = interpolate(arena, xl, list_get(h_left, index), xr,
                               list_get(h_right, index));
+      z_segment = interpolate(arena, xl, list_get(z_left, index), xr,
+                              list_get(z_right, index));
       shaded_colour = colour_mul(triangle.colour, list_get(h_segment, x - xl));
+
+      current_z = get_z_pixel(wnd, x, y);
+      new_z = list_get(z_segment, x - xl);
+
+      if (new_z > current_z) {
+        set_z_pixel(wnd, x, y, new_z);
         set_pixel(wnd, x, y, shaded_colour);
       }
     }
+  }
 }
 
 void draw_line(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, line_t line, colour_t colour) {
@@ -227,6 +393,185 @@ void draw_line(window_t *wnd, Arena *arena, line_t line, colour_t colour) {
   }
 }
 
+bool is_null_model(const model_t *model) {
+  return model->vertices == NULL && model->triangles == NULL;
+}
+
+internal void clip_instance(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                            const rasteriser_scene_t *scene) {
+  bounding_sphere_t sphere = get_bounding_sphere(model->vertices);
+  const clipping_plane_t *plane = NULL;
+
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < CLIPPING_PLANE_COUNT; ++i) {
+    plane = &(scene->planes[i]);
+    clip_instance_against_plane(arena, model, &sphere, plane);
+    if (is_null_model(model)) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#if CULL_ENABLED
+internal void cull_back_faces(Arena *arena, const rasteriser_scene_t *scene,
+                              model_t *model) {
+  list_uint64_t *to_remove =
+      list_create_with_capacity(u64, arena, model->triangles->count);
+  vec3f_t normal;
+  scene_triangle_t *triangle;
+  vertex_t v0;
+  vertex_t v1;
+  vertex_t v2;
+  vec3f_t sum;
+  vec3f_t midpoint;
+  vec3f_t viewing_vector;
+  f32 dot_product;
+
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < model->triangles->count; ++i) {
+    triangle = &(list_get(model->triangles, i));
+
+    v0 = list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx0);
+    v1 = list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx1);
+    v2 = list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx2);
+
+    sum = vec_add(vec3f_t, v0.position,
+                  vec_add(vec3f_t, v1.position, v2.position));
+    midpoint = vec_div_num(vec3f_t, sum, 3);
+
+    normal = calculate_triangle_normal(model, triangle);
+    viewing_vector = vec_sub(vec3f_t, midpoint, scene->camera->position);
+    dot_product = vec_dot(vec3f_t, normal, viewing_vector);
+
+    if (dot_product <= 0.0f) {
+      list_append(u64, arena, to_remove, i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < to_remove->count; ++i) {
+    u64 idx = list_get(to_remove, i);
+    list_remove(model->triangles, idx);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+internal void clip_instance_against_plane(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                                          const bounding_sphere_t *sphere,
+                                          const clipping_plane_t *plane) {
+  f32 distance = signed_distance(&(sphere->centre), plane);
+  f32 neg_radius = -1.0f * sphere->radius;
+
+  if (distance > sphere->radius) {
+    return;
+  } else if (distance < neg_radius) {
+    *model = NULL_MODEL;
+  } else {
+    clip_triangles_against_plane(arena, model, plane);
+  }
+}
+
+internal void clip_triangles_against_plane(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                                           const clipping_plane_t *plane) {
+  u64 count = model->triangles->count;
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    clip_triangle_against_plane(arena, model, i, plane);
+  }
+}
+
+internal void clip_triangle_against_plane(Arena *arena, model_t *model,
+                                          i64 triangle_index,
+                                          const clipping_plane_t *plane) {
+  scene_triangle_t *triangle = &(list_get(model->triangles, triangle_index));
+  vertex_t *v0 = &(list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx0));
+  vertex_t *v1 = &(list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx1));
+  vertex_t *v2 = &(list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx2));
+
+  f32 d0 = signed_distance(&(v0->position), plane);
+  f32 d1 = signed_distance(&(v1->position), plane);
+  f32 d2 = signed_distance(&(v2->position), plane);
+
+  if (d0 >= 0.0f && d1 >= 0.0f && d2 >= 0.0f) {
+    return;
+  } else if (d0 < 0.0f && d1 < 0.0f && d2 < 0.0f) {
+    triangle->idx0 = INVALID_VERTEX;
+    triangle->idx1 = INVALID_VERTEX;
+    triangle->idx2 = INVALID_VERTEX;
+  } else if ((d0 < 0.0f && d1 < 0.0f) || (d0 < 0.0f && d2 < 0.0f) ||
+             (d1 < 0.0f && d2 < 0.0f)) {
+    vertex_t *vp;
+    vertex_t *vn0;
+    vertex_t *vn1;
+    i64 *in0;
+    i64 *in1;
+    if (d0 > 0.0f) {
+      vp = v0;
+      vn0 = v1;
+      vn1 = v2;
+      in0 = &(triangle->idx1);
+      in1 = &(triangle->idx2);
+    } else if (d1 > 0.0f) {
+      vp = v1;
+      vn0 = v0;
+      vn1 = v2;
+      in0 = &(triangle->idx0);
+      in1 = &(triangle->idx2);
+    } else {
+      vp = v2;
+      vn0 = v0;
+      vn1 = v1;
+      in0 = &(triangle->idx0);
+      in1 = &(triangle->idx1);
+    }
+
+    vertex_t r0 = segment_intersection(vp, vn0, plane);
+    vertex_t r1 = segment_intersection(vp, vn1, plane);
+    list_append(vertex_t, arena, model->vertices, r0);
+    list_append(vertex_t, arena, model->vertices, r1);
+
+    *in0 = model->vertices->count - 2;
+    *in1 = model->vertices->count - 1;
+  } else {
+    vertex_t *vn;
+    vertex_t *vp0;
+    vertex_t *vp1;
+    i64 *in;
+    i64 *ip;
+    if (d0 < 0.0f) {
+      vn = v0;
+      vp0 = v1;
+      vp1 = v2;
+      in = &(triangle->idx0);
+      ip = &(triangle->idx2);
+    } else if (d1 < 0.0f) {
+      vn = v1;
+      vp0 = v0;
+      vp1 = v2;
+      in = &(triangle->idx1);
+      ip = &(triangle->idx2);
+    } else {
+      vn = v2;
+      vp0 = v0;
+      vp1 = v1;
+      in = &(triangle->idx2);
+      ip = &(triangle->idx1);
+    }
+
+    vertex_t r0 = segment_intersection(vp0, vn, plane);
+    vertex_t r1 = segment_intersection(vp1, vn, plane);
+    list_append(vertex_t, arena, model->vertices, r0);
+    list_append(vertex_t, arena, model->vertices, r1);
+
+    *in = model->vertices->count - 2;
+
+    scene_triangle_t tri = {
+        .idx0 = *in,
+        .idx1 = *ip,
+        .idx2 = model->vertices->count - 1,
+        .colour = triangle->colour,
+    };
+
+    list_append(scene_triangle_t, arena, model->triangles, tri);
+  }
+}
+
 internal list_float *interpolate(Arena *arena, i32 i0, f32 d0, i32 i1, f32 d1) {
   list_float *values;
   if (i0 == i1) {
@@ -254,6 +599,21 @@ internal list_float *interpolate(Arena *arena, i32 i0, f32 d0, i32 i1, f32 d1) {
   return values;
 }
 
+#if CULL_ENABLED
+internal inline vec3f_t
+calculate_triangle_normal(const model_t *model,
+                          const scene_triangle_t *triangle) {
+  vertex_t v0 = list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx0);
+  vertex_t v1 = list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx1);
+  vertex_t v2 = list_get(model->vertices, triangle->idx2);
+
+  vec3f_t ba = vec_sub(vec3f_t, v1.position, v0.position);
+  vec3f_t ca = vec_sub(vec3f_t, v2.position, v0.position);
+
+  return vec_cross(vec3f_t, ba, ca);
+}
+#endif
+
 internal inline void order_triangle_points(triangle_t *triangle) {
   if (triangle->p1.y < triangle->p0.y) {
     swap(vec2i_t, triangle->p0, triangle->p1);
@@ -268,3 +628,56 @@ internal inline void order_triangle_points(triangle_t *triangle) {
     swap(f32, triangle->h1, triangle->h2);
   }
 }
+
+internal inline bounding_sphere_t
+get_bounding_sphere(const list_vertex_t *vertices) {
+  vec3f_t sum = {0};
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < vertices->count; ++i) {
+    sum = vec_add(vec3f_t, list_get(vertices, i).position, sum);
+  }
+
+  vec3f_t centre = vec_div_num(vec3f_t, sum, vertices->count);
+  f32 radius = 0.0f;
+  f32 tmp = 0.0f;
+  vec3f_t dst = {0};
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < vertices->count; ++i) {
+    dst = vec_sub(vec3f_t, list_get(vertices, i).position, centre);
+    tmp = vec_magnitude(vec3f_t, dst);
+    radius = tmp > radius ? tmp : radius;
+  }
+
+  return (bounding_sphere_t){
+      .centre = centre,
+      .radius = radius,
+  };
+}
+
+internal inline vertex_t segment_intersection(const vertex_t *a,
+                                              const vertex_t *b,
+                                              const clipping_plane_t *plane) {
+  f32 neg_d = plane->distance * -1.0f;
+  f32 na_dot = vec_dot(vec3f_t, plane->normal, a->position);
+  vec3f_t ba = vec_sub(vec3f_t, b->position, a->position);
+  f32 nba_dot = vec_dot(vec3f_t, plane->normal, ba);
+
+  f32 t = (neg_d - na_dot) / nba_dot;
+
+  return (vertex_t){
+      .position = vec_add(vec3f_t, a->position, vec_mul_num(vec3f_t, ba, t)),
+      .h = a->h + t * (b->h - a->h),
+  };
+}
+
+internal inline void copy_triangles(Arena *arena, list_scene_triangle_t *dst,
+                                    const list_scene_triangle_t *src) {
+  for (u64 i = 0; i < src->count; ++i) {
+    scene_triangle_t tri = list_get(src, i);
+    list_append(scene_triangle_t, arena, dst, tri);
+  }
+}
+
+internal inline f32 signed_distance(const vec3f_t *vertex,
+                                    const clipping_plane_t *plane) {
+  return (vertex->x * plane->normal.x) + (vertex->y * plane->normal.y) +
+         (vertex->z * plane->normal.z) + plane->distance;
+}

src/raytracer/main.c

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "aliases.h"
 #include "camera/camera.h"
 #include "raytracer/raytracer.h"
-#include "scene/scene.h"
 #include "vector/vec.h"
 #include "window/window.h"
 #include <SDL2/SDL_events.h>
@@ -23,11 +22,11 @@ i32 main(i32 argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   window_t window = {0};
 
-  if (!init_window(&window, 800, 800, "CG From Scratch Raytracer")) {
+  if (!init_window(NULL, &window, 800, 800, "CG From Scratch Raytracer")) {
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
-  const scene_t *scene = build_test_scene();
+  const raytracer_scene_t *scene = build_test_scene();
 
   bool running = true;
   SDL_Event event = {0};

src/raytracer/raytracer.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "raytracer/raytracer.h"
 #include "aliases.h"
+#include "misc/misc_utils.h"
 #include "vector/vec.h"
 #include "window/window.h"
 #include <math.h>
@@ -7,15 +8,14 @@
 #define SPECULAR_EPSILON 0.001f
 #define REFLECTIVE_EPSILON 0.1f
 
-internal intersection_t find_closest_intersection(vec3f_t origin,
+internal intersection_t
-                                                  vec3f_t direction, f32 t_min,
+find_closest_intersection(vec3f_t origin, vec3f_t direction, f32 t_min,
-                                                  f32 t_max,
+                          f32 t_max, const raytracer_scene_t *scene);
-                                                  const scene_t *scene);
 internal solutions_t ray_intersects_sphere(vec3f_t origin, vec3f_t direction,
                                            sphere_t sphere);
 internal f32 compute_lighting(vec3f_t position, vec3f_t surface_normal,
                               vec3f_t view_vector, f32 specular_exponent,
-                              const scene_t *scene);
+                              const raytracer_scene_t *scene);
 internal f32 light_diffuse(f32 light_intensity, vec3f_t light_direction,
                            vec3f_t surface_normal);
 internal f32 light_specular(f32 light_intensity, vec3f_t light_direction,
@@ -24,8 +24,73 @@ internal f32 light_specular(f32 light_intensity, vec3f_t light_direction,
 internal vec3f_t reflect_ray(vec3f_t light_direction, vec3f_t surface_normal);
 internal f32 cos_angle_between_vectors(vec3f_t v1, vec3f_t v2);
 
+internal const sphere_t spheres[] = {
+    (sphere_t){
+        .radius = 1.0f,
+        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = 0.0f, .y = -1.0f, .z = 3.0f},
+        .colour =
+            (colour_t){
+                .rgba.r = 245, .rgba.g = 238, .rgba.b = 158, .rgba.a = 255},
+        .specular = 500.0f,
+        .reflective = 0.3f,
+    },
+    (sphere_t){
+        .radius = 1.0f,
+        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = -2.0f, .y = 0.0f, .z = 4.0f},
+        .colour =
+            (colour_t){
+                .rgba.r = 59, .rgba.g = 142, .rgba.b = 165, .rgba.a = 255},
+        .specular = 10.0f,
+        .reflective = 0.1f,
+    },
+    (sphere_t){
+        .radius = 1.0f,
+        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = 2.0f, .y = 0.0f, .z = 4.0f},
+        .colour =
+            (colour_t){
+                .rgba.r = 171, .rgba.g = 52, .rgba.b = 40, .rgba.a = 255},
+        .specular = 500.0f,
+        .reflective = 0.4f,
+    },
+    (sphere_t){
+        .radius = 5000.0f,
+        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = 0.0f, .y = -5001.0f, .z = 0.0f},
+        .colour =
+            (colour_t){
+                .rgba.r = 255, .rgba.g = 255, .rgba.b = 0, .rgba.a = 255},
+        .specular = 1000.0f,
+        .reflective = 0.5f,
+    },
+};
+
+internal const light_t lights[] = {
+    (light_t){
+        .type = LIGHT_TYPE_AMBIENT,
+        .intensity = 0.2f,
+    },
+    (light_t){
+        .type = LIGHT_TYPE_POINT,
+        .intensity = 0.6f,
+        .position = (vec3f_t){.x = 2.0f, .y = 1.0f, .z = 0.0f},
+    },
+    (light_t){
+        .type = LIGHT_TYPE_DIRECTIONAL,
+        .intensity = 0.2f,
+        .direction = (vec3f_t){.x = 1.0f, .y = 4.0f, .z = 4.0f},
+    },
+};
+
+internal raytracer_scene_t scene = (raytracer_scene_t){
+    .spheres = spheres,
+    .lights = lights,
+    .spheres_count = ARR_LEN(spheres),
+    .lights_count = ARR_LEN(lights),
+};
+
+const raytracer_scene_t *build_test_scene(void) { return &scene; }
+
 colour_t trace_ray(vec3f_t origin, vec3f_t direction, f32 t_min, f32 t_max,
-                   const scene_t *scene, colour_t default_colour,
+                   const raytracer_scene_t *scene, colour_t default_colour,
                    u32 recursion_depth) {
   intersection_t intersection =
       find_closest_intersection(origin, direction, t_min, t_max, scene);
@@ -67,10 +132,9 @@ colour_t trace_ray(vec3f_t origin, vec3f_t direction, f32 t_min, f32 t_max,
   return colour_add_colour(local_colour, reflected_colour);
 }
 
-internal intersection_t find_closest_intersection(vec3f_t origin,
+internal intersection_t
-                                                  vec3f_t direction, f32 t_min,
+find_closest_intersection(vec3f_t origin, vec3f_t direction, f32 t_min,
-                                                  f32 t_max,
+                          f32 t_max, const raytracer_scene_t *scene) {
-                                                  const scene_t *scene) {
   f32 closest_t = INFINITY;
   const sphere_t *closest_sphere = NULL;
 
@@ -116,7 +180,7 @@ internal solutions_t ray_intersects_sphere(vec3f_t origin, vec3f_t direction,
 
 internal f32 compute_lighting(vec3f_t position, vec3f_t surface_normal,
                               vec3f_t view_vector, f32 specular_exponent,
-                              const scene_t *scene) {
+                              const raytracer_scene_t *scene) {
   f32 I = 0.0f;
   light_t light = {0};
 

src/scene/scene.c

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-#include "scene/scene.h"
-#include "aliases.h"
-#include "misc/misc_utils.h"
-#include "vector/vec.h"
-#include "window/window.h"
-
-internal const sphere_t spheres[] = {
-    (sphere_t){
-        .radius = 1.0f,
-        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = 0.0f, .y = -1.0f, .z = 3.0f},
-        .colour =
-            (colour_t){
-                .rgba.r = 245, .rgba.g = 238, .rgba.b = 158, .rgba.a = 255},
-        .specular = 500.0f,
-        .reflective = 0.3f,
-    },
-    (sphere_t){
-        .radius = 1.0f,
-        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = -2.0f, .y = 0.0f, .z = 4.0f},
-        .colour =
-            (colour_t){
-                .rgba.r = 59, .rgba.g = 142, .rgba.b = 165, .rgba.a = 255},
-        .specular = 10.0f,
-        .reflective = 0.1f,
-    },
-    (sphere_t){
-        .radius = 1.0f,
-        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = 2.0f, .y = 0.0f, .z = 4.0f},
-        .colour =
-            (colour_t){
-                .rgba.r = 171, .rgba.g = 52, .rgba.b = 40, .rgba.a = 255},
-        .specular = 500.0f,
-        .reflective = 0.4f,
-    },
-    (sphere_t){
-        .radius = 5000.0f,
-        .centre = (vec3f_t){.x = 0.0f, .y = -5001.0f, .z = 0.0f},
-        .colour =
-            (colour_t){
-                .rgba.r = 255, .rgba.g = 255, .rgba.b = 0, .rgba.a = 255},
-        .specular = 1000.0f,
-        .reflective = 0.5f,
-    },
-};
-
-internal const light_t lights[] = {
-    (light_t){
-        .type = LIGHT_TYPE_AMBIENT,
-        .intensity = 0.2f,
-    },
-    (light_t){
-        .type = LIGHT_TYPE_POINT,
-        .intensity = 0.6f,
-        .position = (vec3f_t){.x = 2.0f, .y = 1.0f, .z = 0.0f},
-    },
-    (light_t){
-        .type = LIGHT_TYPE_DIRECTIONAL,
-        .intensity = 0.2f,
-        .direction = (vec3f_t){.x = 1.0f, .y = 4.0f, .z = 4.0f},
-    },
-};
-
-internal scene_t scene = (scene_t){
-    .spheres = spheres,
-    .lights = lights,
-    .spheres_count = ARR_LEN(spheres),
-    .lights_count = ARR_LEN(lights),
-};
-
-const scene_t *build_test_scene(void) { return &scene; }

src/vector/vec.c

@@ -94,6 +94,14 @@ i32 vec_dot_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v1, vec3i_t v2) {
   return v1.x * v2.x + v1.y * v2.y + v1.z * v2.z;
 }
 
+vec3i_t vec_cross_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v1, vec3i_t v2) {
+  return (vec3i_t){
+      .x = v1.y * v2.z - v1.z * v2.y,
+      .y = v1.z * v2.x - v1.x * v2.z,
+      .z = v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x,
+  };
+}
+
 i32 vec_magnitude_vec3i_t(vec3i_t v) {
   i32 dot_product = vec_dot_vec3i_t(v, v);
   return (i32)sqrtf((f32)dot_product);
@@ -128,6 +136,14 @@ f32 vec_dot_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v1, vec3f_t v2) {
   return v1.x * v2.x + v1.y * v2.y + v1.z * v2.z;
 }
 
+vec3f_t vec_cross_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v1, vec3f_t v2) {
+  return (vec3f_t){
+      .x = v1.y * v2.z - v1.z * v2.y,
+      .y = v1.z * v2.x - v1.x * v2.z,
+      .z = v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x,
+  };
+}
+
 f32 vec_magnitude_vec3f_t(vec3f_t v) {
   f32 dot_product = vec_dot_vec3f_t(v, v);
   return sqrtf(dot_product);
@@ -342,6 +358,19 @@ mat3x4f_t mul_mat3x4f_by_mat4x4f(mat3x4f_t mat1, mat4x4f_t mat2) {
   };
 }
 
+vec4f_t mul_mat4x4f_by_vec4f(mat4x4f_t mat, vec4f_t vec) {
+  f32 x = mat.row0.x * vec.x + mat.row0.y * vec.y + mat.row0.z * vec.z +
+          mat.row0.w * vec.w;
+  f32 y = mat.row1.x * vec.x + mat.row1.y * vec.y + mat.row1.z * vec.z +
+          mat.row1.w * vec.w;
+  f32 z = mat.row2.x * vec.x + mat.row2.y * vec.y + mat.row2.z * vec.z +
+          mat.row2.w * vec.w;
+  f32 w = mat.row3.x * vec.x + mat.row3.y * vec.y + mat.row3.z * vec.z +
+          mat.row3.w * vec.w;
+
+  return (vec4f_t){x, y, z, w};
+}
+
 mat4x4f_t mul_mat4x4f(mat4x4f_t mat1, mat4x4f_t mat2) {
   f32 row0_col0 = mat1.row0.x * mat2.row0.x + mat1.row0.y * mat2.row1.x +
                   mat1.row0.z * mat2.row2.x + mat1.row0.w * mat2.row3.x;

src/window/window.c

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "window/window.h"
 #include "aliases.h"
 #include "math/math_utils.h"
+#include "mem_arena.h"
 #include "vector/vec.h"
 #include <SDL2/SDL.h>
 #include <SDL2/SDL_error.h>
@@ -10,12 +11,14 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
-u32 index_from_coordinates(window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y);
+u32 index_from_coordinates(const window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y);
 i32 denormalise(i32 value, u32 max, u32 abs_half);
 vec2i_t denormalised_coords(const window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y);
 void set_screen_pixel(window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y, colour_t colour);
+void set_z_buffer_pixel(window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y, f32 value);
 
-bool init_window(window_t *wnd, u32 width, u32 height, const char *title) {
+bool init_window(Arena *arena, window_t *wnd, u32 width, u32 height,
+                 const char *title) {
   if (SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING) != 0) {
     printf("Failed to initialise SDL: %s\n", SDL_GetError());
 
@@ -64,6 +67,9 @@ bool init_window(window_t *wnd, u32 width, u32 height, const char *title) {
   wnd->half_width = width / 2;
   wnd->half_height = height / 2;
   wnd->title = title;
+  if (arena) {
+    wnd->z_buffer = wapp_mem_arena_alloc(arena, width * height * sizeof(f32));
+  }
 
   return true;
 }
@@ -85,6 +91,8 @@ void close_window(window_t *wnd) {
 
       wnd->back_buffer = NULL;
     }
+
+    wnd->z_buffer = NULL;
   }
 
   SDL_Quit();
@@ -98,6 +106,7 @@ void clear_window(window_t *wnd, colour_t colour) {
 
   for (u32 i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
     pixels[i] = colour.colour;
+    wnd->z_buffer[i] = 0.0f;
   }
 
   SDL_UnlockSurface(wnd->back_buffer);
@@ -117,13 +126,34 @@ void set_pixel(window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y, colour_t colour) {
   SDL_UnlockSurface(wnd->back_buffer);
 }
 
+void set_z_pixel(window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y, f32 value) {
+  vec2i_t coords = denormalised_coords(wnd, x, y);
+
+  if (coords.x < 0 || coords.y < 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  set_z_buffer_pixel(wnd, (u32)(coords.x), (u32)(coords.y), value);
+}
+
+f32 get_z_pixel(const window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y) {
+  vec2i_t coords = denormalised_coords(wnd, x, y);
+
+  if (coords.x < 0 || coords.y < 0) {
+    return 0.0f;
+  }
+
+  u32 index = index_from_coordinates(wnd, (u32)(coords.x), (u32)(coords.y));
+  return wnd->z_buffer[index];
+}
+
 void swap_buffers(window_t *wnd) {
   SDL_BlitSurface(wnd->back_buffer, NULL, wnd->front_buffer, NULL);
 
   SDL_UpdateWindowSurface(wnd->window);
 }
 
-u32 index_from_coordinates(window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y) {
+u32 index_from_coordinates(const window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y) {
   return y * wnd->width + x;
 }
 
@@ -159,6 +189,11 @@ void set_screen_pixel(window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y, colour_t colour) {
   pixels[index] = colour.colour;
 }
 
+void set_z_buffer_pixel(window_t *wnd, u32 x, u32 y, f32 value) {
+  u32 index = index_from_coordinates(wnd, x, y);
+  wnd->z_buffer[index] = value;
+}
+
 vec3f_t window_to_viewport(const window_t *wnd, i32 x, i32 y,
                            vec3f_t viewport) {
   return (vec3f_t){